Sphinxes without secrets.

In 'The Picture of Dorian Gray', Henry Wotton described women as 'Sphinxes without secrets'. This describes the view of women in this society perfectly. They are meant to be mysterious and secretive, but in actual fact, there is nothing underneath this facade of mystery. Indeed, the book focuses on male relationships, and women are portrayed as shallow and holding no real value in society, described by Wotton as being the 'decorative sex'

This is highlighted by the fact that there are no lasting female relationships, while the male relationships in the novel are very, very strong, lasting the entirety of the book. The only two prominent female relationships in the novel are the one between Dorian and Sybil, and the marriage of Henry and his wife, who get divorced at some time during the course of the book.

The presentation of women themselves also highlights this fact. Sybil Vane, the most prominent female character in the novel, is portrayed as being rather childlike and shallow. This is shown when she is talking to her brother about he romance with Dorian, and she proclaims 'I shall love him for ever!'. The over dramatic exclamation emphasises her childlike nature, and illustrates how she dramatises her life. Indeed, she views Dorian as her 'Prince Charming', as though she is in one of the Shakespearean plays she performs. Another instance which highlights the novel's depiction of women is when Dorian meets Victoria Wotton, Lord Henry's wife. She is portrayed as rather foolish and romantic, with this being her only appearance in the novel, despite being married to one of the main characters.

eternal youth, infinite passion

The society portrayed in 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' place youth and beauty above all else, even the morals that the society are supposedly bound by. Even though Dorian is surrounded by rumours of sin and debauchery,  he is still accepted into upper class society as he looks innocent due to his youthful face. As Basil states, 'sin is a thing that writes itself across a man's face', the only difference with Dorian is that it is not his own face he is destroying, but the one in the painting. This idea allows Wilde to reveal the hypocritical nature of victorian society, as the society do not care what anyone does, so long as they appear to be upstanding members of society. All in all, 'every gentleman is interested in his good name'; the only thing that matters is reputation.

Youth and beauty are also portrayed as the most important part of society by Henry Wotton, highlighted when he says 'youth is the one thing worth having', and 'beauty is a form of genius'. Wotton uses his opinions on youth to influence Dorian into a life of hedonism, by almost scaring him with the prospect of a life without beauty and youth, a life without meaning, 'when your youth goes, your beauty will go with it, and thn you will suddenly discover that there are no triumphs left for you'.

The stakes for beauty are shown to be extremely high, indeed Dorian must pay the price of his soul for eternal youth, however his demise suggests that too much importance was placed on his youth and beauty.    

all art is quite useless, or is it?

'All art is quite useless'. These words, written by Wilde in the preface of the novel portray what at first seems to be the message of 'The Picture of Dorian Gray'. Wilde was a major proponent of the movement known as aestheticism, and its main ideal was that art is intended simply to be beautiful and to be admired, not to have any deeper meaning or cause social enlightenment. It was also a backlash against the bourgeoise middle class of victorian britain, and against romanticism, which had dominated the first half of the 19th Century.

The way in which the novel is written seems to highlight this message, with long descriptive passages, full of beautiful images, serving no purpose other than to set the scene. Indeed, the first sentence of the book,  'The studio was filled with the rich odour of roses, and when the light summer wind stirred amidst the trees of the garden, there came through the open door the heavy scent of the lilac, or the more delicate perfume of the pink-flowering thorn.' highlights to the reader the importance of beauty and aesthetics in this society. This theme is also highlighted throughout the novel, with Henry Wotton constantly reiterating this philosophy, saying things such as 'beauty, real beauty, ends where an intellectual expression begins'. Wotton highlights the aesthetic philosophy present in late 19th century victorian society, as he constantly spouts controversial 'theories' which are simply designed to shock the upper middle class company he keeps.

However, despite Wilde's advocacy of the aesthetic movement, the book does seem to portray a message opposite to that of aestheticism. The two main symbols for this are the book which influences Dorian into hedonism, and the painting itself. The book acts against the aesthetic movement, as it influences and corrupts Dorian, sending him into a life of hedonism and sin, while aesthetics believe that art should have no moral impact on a person. Wilde himself stated both that 'there is no such thing as a moral or an immoral book' and that Dorian Gray was 'poisoned by a book', two conflicting ideas. The painting is a symbol against aestheticism, as Basil states that art must be 'unconscious, ideal, and remote', yet his painting of Dorian is anything but that. In fact the painting serves as a moral compass for Dorian, acting as a mirror to his soul so that he can see clearly the sin and corruption he is inflicting upon himself. It also almost acts as a prophecy, with its decline signaling the demise of Dorian himself. Henry Wotton also emphasises the deeper meaning of art portrayed in the novel, as in the first half of the book, his words seemimportant and majestic, with his ideals going against the main victorian values, yet by the end of the book, his grand theories no longer seem so grand, instead they seem rather silly and shallow.

While many of the characters in 'The Picture of Dorian Gray' do advocate an aesthetic approach to art, and life, the deeper meaning of the book is one quite opposite to the ideals of aestheticism, almost coming across as a cautionary tale.

Christina, Where Are You Going?

It has been decided: pregnant Christina and Vittorio Innocente are moving to Canada. Though the more appropriate question would be whom are they going to? Up until now it was believed that Christina was moving with her two children to Canada, in hopes of living with her long-gone husband. Howbeit, this quotation proved otherwise.

"'You're not going to him,' my uncle said, barely audible. 'I saw it in your eyes the moment I came in.' But my mother turned away. 'Vittorio, damn it, I told you to go in to your grandfather.' I hovered a moment by the table; but my mother rose suddenly and prodded me with an abrupt push into my grandfather's room. As we came in my grandfather's eyes shot sharply towards her; but she stepped out of the room almost at once, closing the door behind her." pg187

This passages discloses that Christina will be sharing her new life with her lover, not husband. Personally I don't believe that it was a shock to her father, solely due to her antagonistic behaviour. Once Vittorio enters his grandfather's room, his grandfather says to him "I hope to God that she doesn't ruin your life the way she has ruined hers." Unfortunately due to Vito's innocence and vulnerability he does not know what is going on. Whether fortunately or not, Christina dies on the ship to Canada, never reaching her destination. Her betrayals and lies have finally come to a halt.

BEATEN.

In the beginning of the novel we are introduced to Fabrizio, Vito's best friend. The two boys spend their days smoking cigarettes and rebelling against their childhood. Unfortunately, we soon realize that Fabrizio is no ordinary boy. His defiant mannerisms are evidently portrayed because of his fathers actions towards him, literally.

"'Looking for Fabrizio eh?' he said, catching my glance as I passed. 'He's got a broken ass.' The boys around him laughed." pg.95

This quotation is expressed by Fabrizio's brother Fulvio in a laughing manner; more importantly, it shares with the reader that Fabrizio is getting physically abused by his father. Not only has he lost an abundance of weight, but he has also been taken out of school to work in the fields. Regardless of his age, Vittorio stops visiting Fabrizio because he cannot bear the sight of seeing his good friend being beaten.

Though this may not seem to have a dramatic impact on Vittorio's life, it most definitely reveals an aspect to his personality. Through this we see that Vito is very aware. Vittorio is a caring, young boy who does not want to witness anymore pain in his life. He lacks confidence and nerve. Personally, I believe that his mother is to blame for this.

The Snake That Sought Revenge

"'Mamma's been bitten by a snake!' I yelled out. The village women who had come out after siesta to knit on their front steps stared after me as I ran; others popped their heads out of doorways and over balconies." pg 9

This passage within "Lives of the Saints" by Nino Ricci discloses the predominant occurrence in the beginning of the novel that contours the rest of the plot. Incipiently, seven-year-old Vittorio Innocente proclaims to the village people that his mother Christina Innocente has been bitten by a snake. Valle De Sole, the village where the story takes places, is a village that is morphed by its superstitions and religion. The snake symbolizes both evil and temptation. Subsequently to the snake bite, Christina is cursed. She acts abnormally. Her proud nature disallows her to compromise with her family and she winds up alienating herself from society. Most importantly, she was also with her lover at the time of the bite. An Italian myth proclaims that if you are bitten at the time of an affair; you will birth a child with a head of a snake. From this point on in the novel, Christina's stubborn habits perturb her son Vito traumatically.

Strong at the Broken Places

“If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them, so of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry” p 226

This quote is taken from Henry’s stream of consciousness when he is lying with Catherine after they had reunited in Stresa. This powerful quote can be seen as foreshadowing: Henry has referred to Catherine as “very good”, “very gentle” and “very brave” in the past. From this point on it seems as though there is a dark presence following the couple. Earlier on in this scene, Henry is describing his feelings for Catherine. He is content, optimistic, and in love. However, throughout the passage his thoughts turn pessimistic as his life philosophies are revealed. Henry believes there is no hope for anyone in this world, no matter how good you are. He begins to take on the perspective of an existentialist: that human life is in no way complete and fully satisfying because of the suffering and losses that occur.

Sacred, Glorious, Sacrifice

“I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, glorious, and sacrifice and the expression in vain…There were many words that you could not stand to hear and finally only the names of places had dignity. Certain numbers were the same way and certain dates and these with the names of the places were all you could say and have them mean anything. Abstract words such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the numbers of roads, the names of rivers, the numbers of regiments and the dates.” Pg 169

Henry does not believe in a world filled with dreams and abstract ideas. He has been exposed to the harshness of war for so long that he only understands what has been real to him. Names, places, dates, and concrete information is all that he knows. In this setting food is scarce, men are dropping, and life is difficult. This quote reveals the internal conflict Henry is faced with. Henry is no longer a dreamer. He lives in the cold, hard present. He has no sense of hope and no aspirations. The way in which Henry describes war is honest: he refrains form using lofty, glorified terms to describe such a terrible thing.

The Final Countdown

"No more than three hours or so can have passed before I was weakened by the click of my latch." (page 122)

At this point in the novel, people have started to become very suspicious of David and the possibility that he might have a deviation. This quote is taken from the beginning of chapter twelve. After David wakes up, Petra informs him that people are coming to get them because of their deviation. David immediately gets up and tells Petra to start running. After David gets some food and supplies, he leaves for the badlands where the people with deviations are sent. He feels this will be the safest place for him and Petra as the gang who is after them won't pursue them that way. This doesn't turn out to be the case as David and Petra are chased far into the badlands. This part of the novel is very exciting as David and Petra must continue to run from the gang that is after them while staying away from the Fringe people.

Petra's Powers

"It was a funny thing about my ittle sister, Petra. She seemed so normal. We never suspected - not one of us." (page 83)

This quote is taken from the beginning of the ninth chapter. At this point in the novel, I have learned a lot as a reader. Because David's society is trying to rebuild in the true image of God, they cast-away any people with deviations to the norm. David has realized that he has a deviation, but it is not something that can be detected by looking at his appearance. David has the ability to speak to people telepathically and he is not the only one with this deviation. This quote is the preface to when he realizes that his little sister, Petra has the same deviation that he has. The odd thing about Petra's deviation is that the power in which she delivers her telepathic messages is unprecedented to David. David also realizes that he has to train Petra in order to develop her ability and teach her how to control it. David must help Petra develop her powers while making sure to keep his unknown from the members of his society.

First Impressions

"When I was quite small I would sometimes dream of a city - which was strange because it began before I even knew what a city was. But this city, clustered on the curve of a big blue bay, would come into my mind. I could see the streets, and the buildings that lined them, the waterfront, even boats in the harbour; yet waking, I had never seen the sea, or a boat..." (page 1)

This quote is taken from the first page of The Chrysalids by John Wyndham. The character who delivers this quote is David Strorm, the main protagonist throughout the novel. This quote is very interesting as it gives the reader a false sense of the time period in which the novel is set. After reading this quote, one would assume that this book is set in the past while in reality, it is set in the future. Ultimately, we find out that the Chrysalids is set in a post-apocalyptic era and the society that David lives in is trying to rebuild mankind in the true image of God. As we learn more about David's society, we realize that because of the nucleur apocolypse, basic technologies that we are used to living with every day are absent from David's life. This opening quote did a good job of getting my hooked and interested in what was to come in later chapters.

The Last Impression

“There was certainly at this moment, in Elizabeth’s mind, a more gentle sensation towards the original, than she had ever felt in the height of their acquaintance. The commendation bestowed on him by Mrs Reynolds was of no trifling nature. What praise is more valuable than the praise of an intelligent servant? As a brother, a landlord, a master, she considered how many people’s happiness were in his guardianship!” (pg. 233)

Throughout the book Elizabeth Bennet has stuck to her first “impression” of Mr. Darcy. Even after his proposal and declaration of love she still did not attempt to review his character. Elizabeth finally began to see Darcy for who he really was after he gave her a letter detailing all the faults she had accused him of; such as the separation of her sister and Bingley and the ill treatment of Mr. Wickham. She learns to accept him after this letter, but does not see him for many months. Later on in the book her aunt and uncle and Elizabeth visit Pemberley, which is the estate owned by Mr. Darcy himself. And it is here we see the final change in Elizabeth’s opinion of Darcy. His servant, Mrs Reynolds who has been helping the family for many generations has nothing but praise for Darcy. This allows Elizabeth to see that Darcy is caring and thoughtful, although his first impression may cast him as proud and bitter. This is an important passage in the novel because Elizabeth now has overcome her prejudice and first impression of Darcy.

First Impressions

“Mr. Darcy had at first scarcely allowed her to be pretty; he had looked at her without admiration at the ball; and when they next met, he looked at her only to criticize. But no sooner had he made it clear to himself and his friends that she hardly had a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes. To this discovery succeeded some others equally mortifying.” (pg. 20)

This quote shows the slow progression of Darcy’s feelings for Elizabeth, although Elizabeth is blissfully unaware of his attraction towards her. When the two characters first met at the Meryton assembly he had scarcely allowed her to be pretty, “’she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me;” (pg. 9). As Darcy’s friend, Mr. Bingley becomes more acquainted with Jane, Elizabeth’s sister; Darcy and Elizabeth meet on many different occasions. He realizes through these interactions he is becoming attracted to her. Though is still able to find many faults in her character. This quote marks a turning point on how Mr. Darcy views Elizabeth. This quote embodies many of the books main themes, love and class and social standings, shown through pride. Darcy’s pride caused him to cast his first impression of Elizabeth’s character merely because of the way her family acted, and where they stood in society. And love as he overcomes his pride and learns who Elizabeth actually is.

First Impressions

“Mr. Darcy had at first scarcely allowed her to be pretty; he had looked at her without admiration at the ball; and when they next met, he looked at her only to criticize. But no sooner had he made it clear to himself and his friends that she hardly had a good feature in her face, than he began to find it was rendered uncommonly intelligent by the beautiful expression of her dark eyes. To this discovery succeeded some others equally mortifying.” (pg. 20)

This quote shows the slow progression of Darcy’s feelings for Elizabeth, although Elizabeth is blissfully unaware of his attraction towards her. When the two characters first met at the Meryton assembly he had scarcely allowed her to be pretty, “’she is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me;” (pg. 9). As Darcy’s friend, Mr. Bingley becomes more acquainted with Jane, Elizabeth’s sister; Darcy and Elizabeth meet on many different occasions. He realizes through these interactions he is becoming attracted to her. Though is still able to find many faults in her character. This quote marks a turning point on how Mr. Darcy views Elizabeth. This quote embodies many of the books main themes, love and class and social standings, shown through pride. Darcy’s pride caused him to cast his first impression of Elizabeth’s character merely because of the way her family acted, and where they stood in society. And love as he overcomes his pride and learns who Elizabeth actually is.

The Absolute Truth

“It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” (pg.1)

This is the opening line of Austen’s book, Pride and Prejudice. It represents the way of thinking in the 18th century regarding young men and marriage. During this time period, men were often sought after because of their social environment rather than individual traits. This quote in the beginning of the novel, introduces the arrival of Mr. Bingley. This quote also embodies Mrs. Bennet, the main characters mother’s, “life goal.” She is obsessed with attempting to get her daughters married and does not seem to care about her daughter’s happiness as long as they are married to a man with a substantial property and large sum of money. There are many occasions in the novel where Mrs. Bennet’s goal overshadows an issue of greater importance. Such as, Jane, her eldest daughter, becomes ill after her mother forced her to ride horseback to Mr. Bingley’s house in the pouring rain. And later on in the novel, Mrs. Bennet was overjoyed when she heard that Lydia had been married. And she was oblivious to see the pain that this marriage caused her family, and was not able to understand the amount of work and effort by her sister’s husband, that went into the marriage of Wickham and Lydia.

Redemption

“There is a way to be good again.”

Ali finally decides to contact Amir who now is living in California for about twenty years after moving there with his father. During the conversation they discussed many things like the good times that they all had twenty years earlier in Kabul, but it wasn’t only the good news that was being discussed during this conversation Ali had finally told Amir that he was seriously ill and that he didn’t have to long to live. During the phone call Amir was told that “There is a way to be good again.” After hanging up the phone Amir had no clue what Ali was talking about and this why Amir had decided to revisit and travel back to Kabul. But what He didn’t know was what he was getting into, and that this would end up changing his life.

Nothing But a Winner

But coming close wasn't the same as winning, was it? ... He had won because winners won and everyone else just went home.

In this quote we see both winner and loser being mentioned. As a child Amir really looked up to his father and wished that he could be exactly like him, but there was only one problem Amir and his father never had time to themselves as Amir always felt ignores and hated by his father. His father was considered a winner by everyone who knew him, and Amir felt that the only way that he could win over his father was by competing in a completion and beat all the competitors just as his father had done as a child. Amir felt that coming close to a victory wasn’t enough that he actually had to win to be able to be treated as he wished.

Not Friends. But Brothers

“There was brotherhood between people who had fed from the same breast, a kinship that not even time could not break.”

This quote taken from the book “The Kite Runner” by Khaled Hosseini shows us that there is a strong relationship between two boys that is represented as brotherhood. This quote said by Ali who is a servant in Amir’s home is reminding both his son and Amir that they were raised together as brothers although having different mothers. Not only are they like brothers but their friendship is like no other letting nothing come between the two. This quote is being told to the two boys so that they never forget what they actually mean to each other and that their bond isn’t just a friendship but a brotherhood.

It's a Chokecherry Tree

"After I left you, those boys came in there and took my milk. That's what they came in there for. Held me down and took it. I told Mrs. Garner on em. She had that lump and couldn't speak but her eyes rolled out tears. Them boys found out I told on em. Schoolteacher made one open up my back, and when it was closed it made a tree. It grows there still." pg 19-20

Sethe is beaten by Schoolteacher's two nephews. They leave a scar on her back in the shape of a tree which reminds her in the present day about all the bad memories and terrible things that happened while being a slave at Sweet Home. This tree on her back represents the pain of her past which is constantly following her. The emotional and physical scars caused by Schoolteacher continually plague Sethe, who, before Beloved returned was engaged in a constant battle with keeping those memories at bay, for the good of herself, and the good of Denver.

Did Sethe Do the Right Thing?

"And if she thought anything, it was No. No. Nono. Nonono. Simple. She just flew. Collected every bit of life she had made, all the parts of her that were precious and fine and beautiful and carried, pushed, dragged, them through the veil, out, away, over there where no one could hurt them. Over there. Outside this place, where they would be safe." pg 192

Sethe was concerned about her children's safety and she figured by trying to kill them she was doing the right thing so they wouldn't have to be slaves once they grew up. She wanted the best for her children and she knew if they were to live they wouldn't have been safe. This is significant because the murder of her daughter in the 1800s was looked at as an act of self defense rather than an illegal thing to do. Although Paul D disagrees with Sethe's decisions, she knows that as a mother she did the right thing for her children, in order to protect them.

Is Beloved Back?

"A fully dressed woman walked out of the water. She barely gained the dry bank of the stream before she sat down and leaned against a mulberry tree. All day and all night she sat there, her head resting on the trunk in a position abandoned enough to crack the brim in her straw hat. Everything hurt but her lungs most of all. Sopping wet and breathing shallow she spent those hours trying to negotiate the weight of her eyelids." pg 60

After Paul D scares the ghost off from the house at 124, this is the first time Beloved has been mentioned. However, now she is a human being rather than a spiritual figure. Beloved being "sopping wet" symbolizes the rebirth of her character like when a baby is delivered from its mother's womb. If Sethe's daughter, Beloved, would have been alive she would have been nineteen years old just like the young lady lying against the stump in front of the house. It is later believed in the story that the human figure of Beloved is actually Sethe's deceased daughter coming back to life.

The Unlived Life

“This is the revenge of the unlived life, Ramsay. Suddenly it makes a fool of you. Here you are, twice-born, and nearer your death than your birth, and you have still to make a real life.” (Pg. 216-217)

This is a quote from Liesl, who is Paul Dempster’s assistant. This is a significant part in Dunstan’s life story, as the truth of his life is revealed. Liesl opens Dunstan’s eyes by telling him that he has not truly lived his life. Liesl also explains to Dunstan that his role is “Fifth Business…because he is the odd man out.” Dunstan really takes this thought into consideration as later on in the book, he refers to himself as Fifth Business. I feel this talk with Liesl changed Dunstan’s perspective on life because he goes back to Canada and tells Mrs. Dempster about seeing her son, something he was not willing to do before. He also seems to describe his life differently from that point on. This quote also reiterates the theme of being “twice-born.” This theme appears throughout the novel, as Dunstan, Paul Dempster and Percy Boyd Staunton are all “twice-born” in the sense that they receive new names. Along with their new name each of their lives change as well.

Thank Goodness!

“The next day I made inquiries as to how I could be appointed the guardian of Mary Dempster...I experienced a remarkable rising in my spirits, which I can only attribute to the relief of guilt.” (Pg. 152)

At this point in the novel, Mrs. Dempster’s aunt has died and Dunstan is given permission to be the guardian of Mrs. Dempster, as set out in the will. This is an important time in Dunstan’s life as he feels a sense of relief from the guilt associated with Mrs. Dempster. He feels that restitution for the trouble he caused will be made if he becomes Mrs. Dempster’s guardian and caretaker. The relief of guilt is significant because for his whole life, Dunstan has not be able to forgive himself for what happened to Mrs. Dempster, but now he is finally able to try to put it behind him. Dunstan also feels that if he takes this duty of caring for Mrs. Dempster, she “would be (his) saint.” This further brings up the theme of saints and hagiology. Dunstan is still unsure whether she is a true saint or not but it entices him to study hagiology more in-depth.

Forced Goodness or the Choice of Goodness

“It may not be nice to be good, little 6655321. It may be horrible to be good. And when I say that you I realize how self contradictory that sounds. I know I shall have many sleepless nights about this. What does God want? Does God want goodness or the choice of goodness? Is a man who chooses the bad perhaps in some way better than a man who has the good imposed upon him?”

This passage is spoken by a Chaplain just before the Ludovico Treatment as they call it, that Alex is about to undergo which is a physiologically imposed behavioural modification that is supposed to transform Alex ridding him of the capability of performing evil deeds. The central question in the passage is a question posed, really, throughout the story and its a philosophical one: is an evil human being with free will preferable to a good individual without it? The idea of free will we must understand really includes the option to be bad. The chaplain feels that good acts have no value if performed without free will and he wonders if forced goodwill is actually more wicked than evil.

The Source of Evil

“They don’t go into the cause of goodness, so why of the other shop? Badness is of the self, the one, the you or me, and that self is made by old Bog or God and is his great pride and radosty (joy). But the not-self cannot have the bad, meaning they of the government and the judges and the schools cannot allow the bad because they cannot allow the self. And is not our modern history, my brothers, the story of brave malenky (little) selves fighting these big machines?”

This passage summarizes Alex's response to what the source of wicked behaviour is. It’s quite interesting how he defends wickedness claiming that there is no answer to what the source of it is, as evil is a natural part of man and is as inexplicable as goodness. He believes that evil, just like goodness is a choice that each individual has. He says that the soul of each person is God’s greatest creation and when the government deprives someone of choice and free will they are in essence depriving the individual of his soul. This passage is actually rare in terms of its lacking of many Russian slang words which are usually in place a couple times in a sentence.

Guilty or not?

“I was perfectly sure you see, that the birth of Paul Dempster, so small, so feeble and troublesome, was my fault...I was of the damned.” Pg. 16-17

Guilt is one of the main themes in Fifth Business, and is first introduced through this quote. Dunstan feels that he has done something terrible wrong and is the reason for all the trouble the Dempsters went through. He feels that it was his fault the snowball hit Mrs. Dempster, causing Paul’s early birth and Mrs. Dempster’s “insanity”. Dunstan suffers throughout the entire story as he constantly thinks back and relates to this incident. Dunstan looks after Mrs. Dempster through visiting her and putting her in an old age home, until the day she dies. This is proof of the guilt Dunstan has on his shoulders and how he copes with it. The words “I was of the damned” relate the spiritual theme in the novel. The feeling of being “damned” could possibly be a reason for his adventures to Europe in search of different saints.

I LIED

I would like to apologise for lying during my publishers pitch. Perhaps it would be more accurate to say I did not tell the whole truth. While the reasons to read this novel are to avoid the preventable hardships Hagar faced because of her personal flaws, because the first person account is very interesting, and because it makes you think about what you will be like when you get to that stage of the game, I do not recommend that you read this novel anytime soon.

I found the novel quite hard to connect with because the protagonist, Hagar Shipley, is a very annoying character. In the novel, she has only herself because her hubris and intense personality push others away. As the reader, I felt the same effect - it felt like she was isolating herself even from me. I felt no emotional connection to her, and sadly but truthfully, I did not really care what happened to her. While this is an interesting concept, it made it very hard for me to keep reading the novel. There were times where I thought I was going to put it down for good and simply pick a different book because I was so sick of her. Instead, I adopted a bit of her stubbornness and fought back against the toils of Margaret Laurence's classic novel.

I made it to the end only to discover that the last line is literally, "And then-". While I know this was meant to be dramatic, I was left with a feeling that I would label as a mixture of disbelief and sarcastic joy. Perhaps this novel would be better understood by someone older than I, who could better relate to the situations and characters in the novel and get more out of it than I did. On the other hand, maybe I am just an ignorant seventeen-year-old with bad literary taste and an under-appreciation for this 'timeless classic'. Who knows?

Snowden's impact

“It was easy to read the message in his entrails. Man was matter, that was Snowden’s secret. Drop him out a window and he’ll fall. Set fire to him and he’ll burn. Bury him and he’ll rot, like other kinds of garbage. The spirit gone, man is garbage. That was Snowden’s secret. Ripeness was all.” (pg. 440)

This is the deepest passage in the entire text from Yossarian in relation to the entire book. This is said when we find out about how his close friend and comrade Snowden died in his arm after being hit with flak on one of their flying missions. As Snowden’s body is oozing out on Yossarian, Yossarian gives his all to save his friends life as opposed to worrying about saving his own and escaping. As this is occurring he realizes and gains a deeper understanding of what life is worth. As he reminisces about his friend’s death close to the ending of the entire book, we get a look into Yossarian’s sense of fears from death as well as his fragility towards preservation of his life and others. He realizes to himself that without a soul or passion to live and experience, the body of man is useless and dispensable. This can be associated to the common soldier in his camp who may be throwing his body into combat without a spirit to truly live and simply locking himself into the war camp. Through the line, “ripeness was all”, we can see the motivation and spirit to survive as opposed to waste away, which in Yossarian’s case is occurring the war. By understanding this secret from Snowden, it is unarguable that this is the final piece of motivation that he needs to cling onto, in order to live for himself and not for the army.